Ibogaine vs Suboxone, Methadone & Naltrexone
The complete evidence-based comparison of ibogaine against all medication-assisted treatments for opioid use disorder — mechanisms, outcomes, costs, side effects, and a patient decision framework.
Key Takeaways
- Ibogaine: One-time neurochemical reset; 50-65% 12-month abstinence; cardiac risk; requires international travel; no insurance coverage.
- Suboxone: First-line MAT; reduces illicit use while on medication; 50-70% one-year retention; widely accessible; covered by insurance.
- Methadone: Daily clinic dispensing; full opioid agonist; highest retention for severe OUD; independently prolongs QT — dangerous with ibogaine.
- Naltrexone/Vivitrol: Opioid antagonist; no dependence; 30-40% real-world retention; compatible with ibogaine aftercare.
- No single treatment is universally superior — patient circumstances, medical history, goals, and social support determine optimal choice.
Understanding the Fundamental Divide
The opioid addiction treatment landscape is divided between two philosophical models: maintenance (keeping patients stable on medication to prevent illicit use) and abstinence (eliminating all opioid dependence and rebuilding life without drugs). Ibogaine and the medication-assisted treatments (MAT) occupy fundamentally different positions in this divide.
Suboxone, methadone, and buprenorphine are maintenance approaches — they substitute a controlled, medically supervised opioid for the illicit one, managing the disease chronically. Naltrexone is an abstinence approach that pharmacologically enforces sobriety by blocking opioid effects. Ibogaine is a third category: a one-time biological intervention that resets neurochemistry and creates a window for abstinence-based recovery through neuroplasticity.
Understanding which approach fits your situation requires honest assessment of your medical history, lifestyle, goals, social support, and risk tolerance. This guide provides the clinical evidence you need to have that conversation with your healthcare provider.
Mechanism of Action: How Each Treatment Works
Ibogaine: The Neurochemical Reset
Ibogaine works through multiple simultaneous mechanisms that collectively interrupt addiction at its neurobiological roots. Unlike any MAT, it does not substitute one opioid ligand for another — it fundamentally reprograms how the brain processes reward, craving, and withdrawal.
- Opioid receptor resetting: Ibogaine acts as a weak kappa-opioid agonist and modulates mu-opioid receptor expression, reducing the hypersensitivity that drives withdrawal and craving. Within 24-36 hours, patients report that physical withdrawal symptoms largely disappear.
- NMDA antagonism: Blocks NMDA glutamate receptors (similar to ketamine), disrupting fear-conditioning pathways that connect environmental cues to craving. Drug-seeking behaviors are "uncoupled" from previously triggering stimuli.
- Dopamine pathway normalization: Restores dopamine transporter function to near-normal levels, reducing the anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure) that drives relapse in early recovery.
- GDNF upregulation: Ibogaine and its metabolite noribogaine stimulate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which promotes neuronal survival, growth, and synaptic repair — creating structural changes that support sustained recovery.
- Serotonin reuptake inhibition: Noribogaine is a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor (IC50 0.18 μM), providing weeks-long mood stabilization during the critical early recovery window.
Suboxone (Buprenorphine/Naloxone): Partial Agonist Maintenance
Suboxone combines buprenorphine (a partial opioid agonist) with naloxone (an opioid antagonist added to deter injection abuse). Buprenorphine has high affinity for mu-opioid receptors but activates them only partially — enough to prevent withdrawal and reduce cravings, but with a lower euphoric ceiling than full agonists like heroin or oxycodone.
- Partial mu-opioid agonism: Activates opioid receptors at 30-50% of full agonist capacity, preventing withdrawal without producing strong euphoria at therapeutic doses.
- Ceiling effect: Taking more Suboxone above the clinical dose produces no additional opioid effect — this is the key safety advantage over methadone.
- Receptor blockade: High binding affinity means buprenorphine displaces full agonists from receptors, reducing the effect of concurrent illicit opioid use.
- Long half-life: 24-42 hour half-life allows once-daily or even every-other-day dosing for stable patients. This long half-life is also why it must be cleared before ibogaine treatment.
Methadone: Full Agonist Maintenance
Methadone is a full mu-opioid agonist with a long half-life (24-36 hours) dispensed daily at licensed methadone clinics. It completely prevents withdrawal and reduces craving, but produces more euphoria than buprenorphine at higher doses, requiring tighter regulation.
- Full mu-opioid agonism: Complete receptor activation eliminates withdrawal and craving but creates physical dependence at therapeutic doses.
- NMDA antagonism: Unlike buprenorphine, methadone also blocks NMDA receptors, which may contribute to its efficacy for patients with severe addiction.
- QT prolongation: Methadone independently prolongs the cardiac QT interval at therapeutic doses — the primary reason ibogaine treatment requires transitioning off methadone 4-6 weeks before treatment.
- Tight regulation: Federal law requires observed, daily dosing for at least the first 90 days at licensed facilities — a logistical barrier for many patients.
Naltrexone/Vivitrol: Opioid Antagonist
Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors completely, preventing any opioid effect. Extended-release injectable naltrexone (Vivitrol) is administered monthly and creates a complete blockade for 28-30 days regardless of how many opioids are consumed.
- Complete receptor blockade: Renders all opioids pharmacologically inert — no euphoria, no analgesia, no respiratory depression. This eliminates the pharmacological reward of relapse.
- No opioid dependence: Unlike buprenorphine and methadone, naltrexone creates no physical dependence and can be stopped without withdrawal.
- Requires full detox: Precipitates severe withdrawal if any opioids are in the system. Patients must be completely detoxed (7-10 days minimum for most opioids) before starting.
- No abuse potential: Naltrexone is non-scheduled and can be prescribed by any physician without special certification — a significant access advantage.
Full Comparison Table: All Five Treatments
| Feature | Ibogaine | Suboxone | Methadone | Naltrexone/Vivitrol | Buprenorphine (alone) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment Duration | 1-3 days (active); lifelong aftercare | Months to years (ongoing daily) | Months to years (ongoing daily) | Monthly injections; typically 6-12 months minimum | Months to years (ongoing) |
| FDA Status | Not approved (Schedule I) | FDA-approved (Schedule III) | FDA-approved (Schedule II) | FDA-approved (non-scheduled) | FDA-approved (Schedule III) |
| Withdrawal Elimination | Yes — rapid (80-90% within 24-48 hrs) | Prevents withdrawal while on medication | Prevents withdrawal while on medication | Requires prior detox; no withdrawal prevention | Prevents withdrawal while on medication |
| Physical Dependence Created | None after treatment | Yes (requires tapering) | Yes (significant; harder to stop) | None | Yes (requires tapering) |
| Opioid Receptor Action | Multi-target reset (not chronic activation) | Partial agonist (mu) | Full agonist (mu) | Antagonist (mu) | Partial agonist (mu) |
| Abstinence Rate (12 months) | 50-65%* (off all opioids) | 50-70%† (on medication; illicit opioid abstinence) | 50-60%† (on medication) | 30-40%† (real-world retention) | 50-65%† (on medication) |
| Typical Cost (USD) | $5,000–$15,000 one-time + travel | $150–$500/month ($1,800–$6,000/yr) | $100–$300/month + clinic fees | $800–$1,200/injection ($10,000–$14,000/yr) | $100–$400/month |
| Insurance Coverage | None (not FDA-approved) | Yes (Medicaid, most private) | Yes (Medicaid, most private) | Yes (Medicaid, most private) | Yes (Medicaid, most private) |
| Primary Cardiac Risk | High — QT prolongation, requires ECG monitoring | Low (ceiling effect limits overdose risk) | Moderate — independent QT prolongation | Very low | Low |
| Availability | International clinics (Mexico, Canada, etc.) | Widely available (DEA waiver required) | Licensed clinics only (OTP certification) | Any physician (no DEA waiver needed) | Licensed prescribers (DEA waiver) |
| Psychological Component | Strong — introspective experience + GDNF neuroplasticity | Separate therapy recommended | Counseling required by OTP regulations | Behavioral therapy strongly recommended | Separate therapy recommended |
*Ibogaine abstinence = complete opioid-free recovery. MAT "abstinence" = abstinence from illicit opioids while maintained on prescribed medication. These are not directly comparable. †Real-world retention rates vary significantly by patient population, support quality, and study methodology.
Duration and Timeline Differences
Ibogaine: The Intensive Short-Course Approach
The ibogaine treatment timeline unfolds over roughly 3-5 weeks from first contact to completion, followed by a 6-12 month integration period.
Ibogaine Treatment Timeline
Pre-Treatment Preparation
Medical screening (ECG, blood work, cardiac evaluation), medication tapering (especially Suboxone/methadone transition), psychological preparation.
Treatment Begins
IV magnesium pre-treatment, test dose, followed by full ibogaine dose (typically 10-20 mg/kg). Intense psychedelic/introspective experience begins.
Active Treatment Window
Visionary phase peaks at 4-8 hours. Withdrawal symptoms eliminated within 12-24 hours. Continuous cardiac monitoring throughout.
Recovery & Integration
Physical recovery, therapeutic debriefing, initial integration sessions. Noribogaine active window (enhanced neuroplasticity).
Post-Treatment Stay
Final integration sessions, discharge planning, ongoing cardiac monitoring as needed.
Integration Period
Weekly therapy, peer support, lifestyle restructuring. Critical period for converting neuroplasticity window into lasting behavioral change.
MAT: The Long-Term Management Approach
MAT is designed as a chronic management strategy. SAMHSA guidelines recommend maintaining patients on Suboxone or methadone for at least 1-2 years, and often longer. The evidence is clear that premature tapering dramatically increases relapse risk:
- Patients who discontinue buprenorphine within 6 months have 4-5x higher relapse rates than those maintained for 2+ years
- Methadone treatment shows better outcomes with longer retention — many patients remain for 5+ years
- Naltrexone/Vivitrol is typically recommended for 6-12 months minimum, then evaluated for continuation
Cost Comparison Analysis
| Treatment | Year 1 Cost | Year 3 Cost | Year 5 Cost | Insurance Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ibogaine (one-time) | $7,000–$17,000 | $7,000–$17,000* | $7,000–$17,000* | None |
| Suboxone (uninsured) | $2,400–$7,200 | $7,200–$21,600 | $12,000–$36,000 | Medicaid + most private |
| Methadone clinic | $2,400–$5,200 | $7,200–$15,600 | $12,000–$26,000 | Medicaid + most private |
| Naltrexone/Vivitrol | $12,000–$16,000 | $36,000–$48,000 | $60,000–$80,000 | Medicaid + most private |
*Assumes single ibogaine treatment. Booster treatments cost an additional $5,000–$15,000 each. Prices are uninsured out-of-pocket estimates; insured costs vary dramatically. Integration therapy costs not included.
Cost-Effectiveness Reality Check
For patients who achieve sustained abstinence through a single ibogaine treatment, the long-term cost is substantially lower than years of MAT. However, patients who relapse and require booster treatments, or who ultimately return to MAT, may end up spending more. The true cost-benefit depends entirely on treatment outcome — which cannot be predicted in advance. Insurance coverage is the critical differentiator: insured patients on Suboxone or Vivitrol face minimal out-of-pocket costs, while ibogaine requires full upfront payment regardless of income.
Side Effects Comparison
| Treatment | Acute Side Effects | Long-term Side Effects | Serious Risks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ibogaine | Nausea, vomiting, intense introspective experience, ataxia, heart rate changes, tremor | Minimal (single use); noribogaine effects resolve within 2 weeks | QT prolongation, cardiac arrhythmia (Torsades de Pointes), seizures in predisposed individuals |
| Suboxone | Headache, nausea, insomnia, sweating, constipation | Dental problems (dry mouth), hormonal effects, chronic constipation, withdrawal syndrome if stopped | Respiratory depression (especially with benzos/alcohol); protracted withdrawal syndrome |
| Methadone | Sedation, constipation, sweating, weight gain | Dental decay, hormonal disruption, chronic constipation, significant withdrawal on stopping | QT prolongation, overdose risk (high initial doses), respiratory depression |
| Naltrexone/Vivitrol | Injection site reactions, nausea, fatigue, insomnia | Minimal if pain management needed (blocks opioid analgesics); some report mood effects | Precipitated withdrawal if opioids in system; elevated overdose risk if stopped and relapse occurs |
Success Rates: Understanding the Data
Comparing success rates across treatments is fraught with methodological challenges — different studies define "success" differently, follow patients for different durations, and recruit from different populations. Here is what the current evidence shows:
Ibogaine Success Rate Evidence
- Acute withdrawal elimination: 80-90% of patients report complete or near-complete elimination of withdrawal symptoms within 24-48 hours (Noller et al., 2018)
- 30-day abstinence: 50-80% report being opioid-free at 30 days in observational studies
- 12-month abstinence: Approximately 50-65% of patients maintain complete opioid abstinence at 12 months in studies with aftercare integration
- Stanford MISTIC (PTSD): 88% PTSD symptom reduction in 30 veterans at 1-month follow-up (Cherian et al., 2024)
- Beond Health real-world data: 90% patient-reported success, 100% treatment retention across 6,000+ treatments
- Important caveat: No randomized controlled trials yet — all data from observational studies, which carry selection bias
MAT Success Rate Evidence
- Suboxone 12-month retention: 50-70% remain in treatment at one year in clinical studies; 30-40% in real-world community settings
- Methadone retention: Highest retention of any MAT — 60-70% at one year in supervised settings
- Naltrexone/Vivitrol: 30-40% real-world 12-month retention — patients who complete a year show excellent outcomes, but many drop out
- Post-discontinuation relapse: Relapse rates of 60-90% within 12 months of stopping Suboxone or methadone without comprehensive aftercare
- MAT evidence base: Multiple large randomized controlled trials confirm efficacy — the gold standard that ibogaine research currently lacks
Patient Decision Framework
Ibogaine May Be Better For:
- ✓Those who have failed 1+ courses of MAT and want a different approach
- ✓Patients who want to achieve complete opioid abstinence without ongoing opioid-based medication
- ✓Individuals seeking to address psychological roots of addiction alongside physical detox
- ✓Those with good cardiac health (clear ECG, no arrhythmia history)
- ✓Patients able to travel internationally for 7-14 days
- ✓Those committed to 6-12 months of structured integration therapy post-treatment
- ✓Patients with co-occurring treatment-resistant PTSD, depression, or TBI
MAT (Suboxone/Methadone) May Be Better For:
- ✓Those needing immediate, local access — no travel required
- ✓Patients with cardiac contraindications to ibogaine (arrhythmia, prolonged QT)
- ✓Those who cannot afford ibogaine upfront and rely on insurance
- ✓Individuals not yet ready for the intensity of the ibogaine experience
- ✓Patients with severe addiction who need highest-retention stabilization first
- ✓Pregnant individuals (buprenorphine is standard of care; ibogaine is contraindicated)
- ✓Those who prefer a more conservative, extensively studied approach
The Sequential Approach: MAT Stabilization Before Ibogaine
A growing number of addiction medicine specialists are embracing a sequential treatment model for highly motivated patients: begin with Suboxone or methadone to stabilize the patient, reduce acute crisis risk, and build therapeutic rapport — then transition to ibogaine once the patient is psychologically and medically prepared. This approach:
- Allows time for complete cardiac screening and medication clearance
- Reduces the emotional desperation that can lead patients to choose ibogaine in poor health
- Enables more thoughtful integration planning before the ibogaine experience
- Preserves ibogaine as an option if MAT proves insufficient long-term
The key requirement: patients must complete the Suboxone-to-short-acting-opioid taper (typically 2-6 weeks depending on Suboxone dose) before ibogaine is administered. Buprenorphine in the system at ibogaine treatment time significantly reduces ibogaine's effectiveness by occupying the same mu-opioid receptors ibogaine needs to reset.
The Bottom Line: Which Treatment Is Right for You?
Start With These Questions
Do you have cardiac contraindications?
Prolonged QT, arrhythmia history, or structural heart disease? If yes, ibogaine is not an option — MAT is your path.
Have you tried MAT and found it insufficient?
Multiple failed MAT attempts, inability to taper off medication, or persistent relapse despite compliance? Ibogaine becomes a more compelling option.
What is your primary goal — harm reduction or abstinence?
MAT excels at harm reduction (safer, more stable life on medication). Ibogaine targets abstinence without ongoing medication dependence.
Can you access the resources ibogaine requires?
International travel, $5,000-$15,000 out-of-pocket, 1-2 weeks off work, and 6-12 months of integration therapy commitment.
Are there co-occurring conditions like PTSD, TBI, or depression?
Ibogaine's neuroplasticity mechanisms address these co-occurring conditions simultaneously — an advantage MAT does not offer.
Our Recommendation
Start with the treatment that is most immediately accessible and carries the least medical risk — typically MAT. For patients who fail MAT or who specifically need to address co-occurring PTSD/TBI alongside addiction, ibogaine offers a genuinely different biological mechanism that may succeed where MAT could not. This is not an either/or choice over a lifetime; it can be a sequential strategy. Discuss your complete medical history, cardiac health, and recovery goals with both a certified addiction medicine physician and an ibogaine clinic medical team before deciding.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is ibogaine more effective than Suboxone for opioid addiction?
They address different dimensions of opioid addiction and are difficult to compare directly. Ibogaine eliminates acute withdrawal in 80-90% of patients within 24-48 hours and achieves 50-65% abstinence at 12 months in observational studies (Noller et al., 2018) when combined with robust aftercare. Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone) reduces illicit opioid use while patients remain on the medication, with 50-70% retention at one year. Ibogaine offers the potential for complete abstinence without ongoing medication dependence; Suboxone is effective and widely accessible harm reduction. Outcomes for both depend heavily on aftercare quality, social support, and individual factors.
Do I have to stop taking Suboxone before ibogaine treatment?
Yes. Suboxone must be fully tapered and cleared before ibogaine treatment. Buprenorphine (the active ingredient in Suboxone) has very high opioid receptor affinity and a long half-life of 24-42 hours; its active metabolite norbuprenorphine persists even longer. If buprenorphine occupies mu-opioid receptors during ibogaine administration, it can block ibogaine's mechanism of action and significantly reduce effectiveness. Most ibogaine clinics require patients to transition from Suboxone to a short-acting opioid (such as morphine or oxycodone) over several weeks before treatment, then complete a final taper. The entire transition process typically takes 2-6 weeks depending on the Suboxone dose.
What are the main risks of ibogaine compared to Suboxone?
Ibogaine carries significant cardiac risk: it prolongs the QT interval, which can precipitate life-threatening arrhythmias in susceptible individuals. Responsible clinics require 12-lead ECG, electrolyte panels, liver function tests, and continuous cardiac monitoring throughout the 24-36 hour session. Ibogaine is contraindicated in anyone with structural heart disease, prolonged baseline QT, or seizure disorders. Suboxone's primary risks include respiratory depression when combined with benzodiazepines or alcohol, headache, nausea, and a protracted withdrawal syndrome if discontinued abruptly. Suboxone does not pose cardiac risks comparable to ibogaine and can be initiated in outpatient settings with less intensive medical infrastructure.
Can Suboxone be used after ibogaine treatment?
Yes, and some clinicians use Suboxone strategically as a bridge before ibogaine (for stabilization) or as a safety net after ibogaine if cravings return. After ibogaine treatment, the neurochemical reset ideally reduces craving and withdrawal so that Suboxone is not needed. However, if relapse occurs or cravings become unmanageable, resuming Suboxone is a legitimate harm-reduction measure. Patients should not view ibogaine as a guaranteed cure; the integration period of 6-12 months post-treatment is critical. Discuss any post-treatment medication plan with both the ibogaine clinic and a local addiction medicine provider.
How does the cost of ibogaine compare to long-term Suboxone treatment?
Ibogaine treatment at a medical clinic in Mexico costs $5,000-$15,000 as a one-time expense including screening, the session, and recovery stay. International travel adds $500-$2,000. Suboxone costs $150-$500 per month depending on insurance, pharmacy, and prescribing fees; at $300/month, a single year totals $3,600, and many patients remain on Suboxone for 2-5 years or longer. Over a 5-year span, Suboxone costs $9,000-$30,000+. Ibogaine may be more cost-effective for motivated patients with sustained recovery, but it requires upfront capital and does not carry insurance coverage. Suboxone is widely covered by Medicaid and private insurers.
Who is the ideal candidate for ibogaine vs. Suboxone?
Ibogaine is best suited for individuals who have failed conventional treatment (including MAT), want to achieve abstinence without ongoing opioid-based medication, have no cardiac contraindications on pre-treatment ECG, can travel internationally for 1-2 weeks, and are committed to structured integration therapy afterward. Suboxone is the recommended first-line medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder per SAMHSA and ASAM guidelines, particularly for patients who need immediate access, have cardiac or medical comorbidities that preclude ibogaine, prefer an evidence-based outpatient approach, or are not ready for the intensive ibogaine experience. Both options are legitimate; the choice should be made collaboratively with an addiction medicine specialist.
How does methadone compare to both ibogaine and Suboxone?
Methadone is a full opioid agonist (stronger receptor activation than Suboxone's partial agonism) used in supervised daily dispensing clinics. It achieves 50-60% abstinence from illicit opioids while on medication — similar to Suboxone — but requires daily clinic visits and carries higher overdose risk. Methadone also independently prolongs the QT interval, making it particularly dangerous to combine with ibogaine; a 4-6 week taper to short-acting opioids is required before ibogaine treatment. Of the three options, methadone is the most tightly controlled but may be preferred for patients who cannot reliably self-administer medication.
What is naltrexone (Vivitrol) and how does it compare to ibogaine?
Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist — it blocks opioid receptors entirely rather than activating them. Extended-release injectable naltrexone (Vivitrol) is given monthly. Unlike Suboxone and methadone, naltrexone creates no opioid dependence and is easier to stop. However, it requires complete opioid detoxification first (7-10 days minimum), has a high dropout rate (patients must choose sobriety each day), and shows only 30-40% one-year retention in real-world studies. Ibogaine and naltrexone share a goal of opioid abstinence without ongoing opioid-based medication, though their mechanisms are completely different. Some clinics use ibogaine to achieve rapid detox followed by naltrexone implants or injections as an aftercare bridge.
Can ibogaine be combined with any MAT medications?
Not safely at the time of treatment. All opioid agonists (buprenorphine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone) must be cleared from the system before ibogaine to avoid receptor blockade that reduces efficacy. However, after ibogaine treatment, strategic use of MAT can be part of a harm-reduction aftercare plan. Low-dose naltrexone or Suboxone as a 'safety net' is discussed by some clinics. Never combine ibogaine with methadone or high-dose buprenorphine — the QT prolongation risk from methadone is independently documented as fatal in multiple ibogaine fatality case reports.
Is buprenorphine (without naloxone) different from Suboxone for ibogaine purposes?
For ibogaine treatment purposes, plain buprenorphine (Subutex) and buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) present identical challenges. The active compound requiring clearance is buprenorphine — the naloxone component has negligible systemic absorption when taken sublingually. Patients on either formulation must undergo the same transition to short-acting opioids and taper process before ibogaine treatment. Some specialized clinics have protocols for very-low-dose buprenorphine patients; discuss your specific dose and formulation with your clinic's medical team.
What does 'medication-assisted treatment' mean, and is ibogaine MAT?
Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) refers to using FDA-approved medications (methadone, buprenorphine/naloxone, naltrexone) combined with counseling and behavioral therapies to treat opioid use disorder. These are all long-term chronic management approaches that keep patients stable on medication. Ibogaine is not FDA-approved and is not classified as MAT. It is better described as a one-time neurochemical intervention followed by abstinence-based recovery with integration therapy. The fundamental philosophical difference is MAT's harm-reduction/maintenance model versus ibogaine's reset/abstinence model — neither is universally superior; patient fit determines which approach is most likely to succeed.
What happens if ibogaine treatment fails or I relapse afterward?
Relapse after ibogaine occurs in approximately 35-50% of patients within 12 months. This does not mean the treatment 'failed' — even patients who relapse often report reduced use intensity, faster recognition of the relapse pattern, and greater motivation to seek help. Options after relapse include: (1) returning to Suboxone or naltrexone as harm reduction while rebuilding recovery; (2) booster ibogaine treatment (a second session, typically 6-12 months after the first, with 60-70% reported success in patients who relapsed); (3) intensive aftercare restructuring with therapy and peer support. Relapse is a common part of recovery from addiction, not a permanent failure.
Key References
- Noller GE et al. (2018) — Ibogaine-assisted treatment for problematic opioid use: prospective study. Harm Reduction Journal.
- Cherian KN et al. (2024) — Magnesium-ibogaine therapy in veterans with TBI. Nature Medicine.
- SAMHSA (2023) — Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 63.
- Mattick RP et al. (2014) — Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database.
- Lee JD et al. (2018) — Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention. Lancet.
- Beond Health (2026) — Real-world outcomes data, 6,000+ treatments.
- Brown TK & Alper K (2018) — Treatment of opioid use disorder with ibogaine: 12-month follow-up. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
- ASAM (2023) — Clinical Practice Guideline on Alcohol, Opioid, and Other Drug Use Disorders.